@Article{EssienFTKWAQLASESSBNQ:2022:InCoZo,
               author = "Essien, Patrick and Figueiredo, Cosme Alexandre Oliveira Barros 
                         and Takahashi, Hisao and Klutse, Nana Ama Browne and Wrasse, 
                         Cristiano Max and Afonso, Jo{\~a}o Maria de Sousa and Quispe, 
                         David Pareja and Lomotey, Solomon Otoo and Ayorinde, Tunde Toyese 
                         and Sobral, Jos{\'e} Humberto Andrade and Eghan, Moses Jojo and 
                         Sackey, Samuel Sanko and Silva, Diego Barros and Bilibio, Anderson 
                         Vestena and Nkrumah, Francis and Quagraine, Kwesi Akumenyi",
          affiliation = "{University of Cape Coast} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais 
                         (INPE)} and {African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS)} 
                         and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and 
                         {National Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics of Angola 
                         (INAMET)} and {Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM)} 
                         and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and 
                         {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {University of Cape 
                         Coast} and {University of Cape Coast} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)} and {University of Cape Coast} and {University 
                         of Cape Coast}",
                title = "Intertropical Convergence Zone as the Possible Source Mechanism 
                         for Southward Propagating Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric 
                         Disturbances over South American Low-Latitude and Equatorial 
                         Region",
              journal = "Atmosphere",
                 year = "2022",
               volume = "13",
               number = "11",
                pages = "e1836",
                month = "Nov",
             keywords = "gravity waves, ionosphere, ITCZ, MSTIDs.",
             abstract = "This paper presents the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) as 
                         the possible source mechanism of the medium-scale traveling 
                         ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) propagating to the southeast 
                         direction over the South American region. Using the data collected 
                         by the GNSS dual-frequency receivers network from January 2014 to 
                         December 2019, detrended TEC maps were generated to identify and 
                         characterize 144 MSTIDs propagating southeastward over the South 
                         American low-latitude and equatorial region. We also used images 
                         from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 
                         13 and 16 in the infrared (IR) and water vapor (WV) channel, and 
                         reanalisys data from the National Centers for Environmental 
                         Prediction (NCEP) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
                         Administration (NOAA) to study the daily features and seasonal 
                         migration of ITCZ. In the winter, when ITCZ migrates to the 
                         northern hemisphere around 1015° N, 20 MSTIDs propagated 
                         southeastward. During summer, when the ITCZ lies within the 
                         continent, around 05° S 80 MSTIDs were observed to propagate 
                         southeastward; in the equinoxes (spring and fall), 44 MSTIDs were 
                         observed. Again, the MSTIDs propagating southeastward showed a 
                         clear seasonality of their local time dependence; in summer, the 
                         MSTIDs occurred frequently in the evening hours, whereas those in 
                         winter occurred during the daytime. We also found for the first 
                         time that the day-to-day observation of ITCZ position and MSTIDs 
                         propagation directions were consistent. With regard to these new 
                         findings, we report that the MSTIDs propagating southeastward over 
                         the South American region are possibly induced by the atmospheric 
                         gravity waves, which are proposed as being generated by the ITCZ 
                         in the troposphere. The mean distribution of the horizontal 
                         wavelength, period, and phase velocity are 698 ± 124 km, 38 ± 8 
                         min, and 299 ± 89 m s\−1, respectively. For the first time, 
                         we were able to use MSTID propagation directions as a proxy to 
                         study the source region.",
                  doi = "10.3390/atmos13111836",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111836",
                 issn = "2073-4433",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "atmosphere-13-01836.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "04 maio 2024"
}